ABSTRACT
Objetivo: Obtener un fitofármaco a base de extracto seco de limón con estándares de calidad, procesamiento amigable con el medio ambiente y con antecedentes de efectividad y seguridad, evaluando sus efectos en pacientes hipertensos con frecuentes crisis hipertensivas. Métodos y resultados: Se seleccionó la población de limónes de las Regiones Metropolitana y Coquimbo con las concentraciones más altas de ácido ascórbico y flavonoides totales, respectivamente. Se utilizó liofilización para obtener jugo de limón en polvo. Sólo durante el período de estudio, se informó un caso de aumento/ crisis hipertensiva. La formulación con la concentración más alta de ácido ascórbico disminuyó la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica en 16 mmHg desde 10 minutos hasta 60 minutos. Por otro lado, la formulación con mayor concentración de flavonoides disminuyó la presión arterial en 12 a 30 mmHg desde 5 a 60 minutos. Conclusión: Se obtuvo un producto innovador como complemento al manejo de los aumentos de presión arterial. Los principios activos con mayor contribución al mecanismo antihipertensivo del jugo de limón corresponden a compuestos fenólicos, específicamente, flavonoides.
Aim: To obtain a product based on a dry extract of standardized phytodrug lemon with high quality standards, using an environmentally friendly process; to evaluate its effects in hypertensive patients suffering frequent episodes of hypertensive crisis. Methods and Results: Lemons with high concentration of ascorbic acid (Coquimbo Region) or total flavonoids (Metropolitan Region) were selected. Lyophilization was used to obtain juice powder. During the study period only one case of hypertensive crisis was reported. The formula with the highest concentration of ascorbic acid decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 16 mmHg from 10 minutes up to 60 minutes. On the other hand, the formula with the highest concentration of flavonoids decreased blood pressure from 12 to 30 mmHg between 5 and 60 minutes. Conclusion: An novel product to help decrease acutely elevated blood pressure was obtained that can be used as a complement to the management of acute blood pressure rises. The active principles with greater contribution to the antihypertensive mechanism of lemon juice corresponded to phenolic compounds, specifically flavonoids.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Knowledge on the mating behavior and habitat requirements of large sharks, including the lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris, is scarce, hampering conservation efforts. Objective: To describe an area in the Equatorial Atlantic used as a mating ground by N. brevirostris, as well as part of the species pre-copulatory behaviors based on citizen reports. Methods: Between 2004 and 2019, recreational divers, dive guides and rangers from the Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (FEN) recorded courtship behaviour, females with mating scars, pregnant females, and adult males. Results: N. brevirostris was recorded mating in shallow waters (0.5-2 m deep) during the austral summer (December to March). A specific location in the MPA, Buraco da Raquel lagoon, was the main aggregation and mating site for adult N. brevirostris in FEN. Conclusions: Citizen science records allowed the identification of shallow waters as key sites for the reproduction of this shark in FEN. Results highlight the potential of citizen science contributions to knowledge of sharks in nature and show MPAs as essential for habitat conservation of sharks with decreasing populations along the Brazilian coast, such as N. brevirostris. We present management recommendations to protect N. brevirostris there and elsewhere.
Introducción: El conocimiento sobre el comportamiento reproductivo y requisitos de hábitat de apareamiento de los tiburones grandes, incluido el tiburón limón, Negaprion brevirostris, es escaso, lo que dificulta los esfuerzos de conservación. Objetivo: Describir un área en el Océano Atlántico ecuatorial utilizada como zona de apareamiento y las interacciones precopulatorias del tiburón limón con base en informes proporcionados por ciencia ciudadana. Métodos: Buzos recreativos, guías de buceo y guardaparques del Área Marina Protegida (AMP) en el archipiélago Fernando de Noronha (FEN) llevaron registros de comportamientos de cortejo, hembras con cicatrices de apareamiento, hembras preñadas y machos adultos, entre 2004 y 2019. Resultados: Las aguas poco profundas entre 0.5 y 2 m de profundidad son utilizadas como áreas de apareamiento por N. brevirostris durante el verano austral (diciembre a marzo). Un lugar específico, dentro del AMP (laguna de Buraco da Raquel), fue identificado como el principal sitio de agregación y apareamiento de adultos de N. brevirostris en FEN. Conclusiones: Registros de ciencia ciudadana permitieron identificar aguas poco profundas como sitios clave para la reproducción de este tiburón en FEN. Los resultados resaltan el potencial de las contribuciones de la ciencia ciudadana al conocimiento de los tiburones en la naturaleza y muestran que las AMP son esenciales para la conservación del hábitat de tiburones con poblaciones decrecientes a lo largo de la costa brasileña, como N. brevirostris. Presentamos recomendaciones de gestión para proteger a N. Brevirostri, allí y en otros lugares.
Subject(s)
Animals , Pair Bond , Sharks , Tropical ZoneABSTRACT
Synergistic impact of honey and lemon juice-enriched mulberry diets on the growth of Bombyx mori was studied. The body size progressively increased during larval stage, but declined during pupal and adult stages. The nutrient diets promoted larval growth and positively modulated pupal and adult growth. The larval growth curves are typical Gompertz trajectories that re?ected the growth promoting nature of honey and lemon juice. The log-based growth curves were used to derive critical larval body size determinants that control molting and metamorphosis. The nutrient diets improved critical body size determinants without affecting their time schedules. The compound periodical growth rates showed instar-speci?c and stage-speci?c variations. The size speci?c growth rates in body mass, length and perimeter dimensions indicated the prevalence of an effective mass management mechanism as de?ned in the Hutchinson's investment principle. The silkworm recorded either higher or lower growth ratios indicating deviation from the Dyar's constancy rule.
ABSTRACT
Introdução: O Cymbopogon citratus (capim-limão) é uma espécie herbácea pertencente à família Poaceae, que engloba aproximadamente 500 gêneros e 8.000 espécies. Objetivos: Analisar as evidências científicas disponíveis sobre as aplicações terapêuticas de Cymbopogon citratus (capim-limão) na Odontologia durante os últimos dez anos. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, que envolveu as seguintes etapas: elaboração da pergunta norteadora, estabelecimento das palavras-chave e dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão de artigos, seleção e análise crítica dos artigos, resultados, discussão e conclusão. Resultados: 8% dos artigos encontrados e analisados nessa revisão de literatura integrativa demonstraram que o Cymbopogon citratus (capim-limão) apresenta potencial terapêutico no que se refere a suas propriedades antimicrobianas, sendo considerado benéfico e promissor na inibição de patógenos colonizadores bacterianos e fúngicos dentários, além de demonstrar baixa citotoxicidade. Conclusão: Apesar da existência de diversas pesquisas in vitro que demonstram eficácia e segurança do uso de diversos compostos de origem natural, nota-se que há poucos protocolos específicos que orientem o profissional cirurgião-dentista para o uso de terapias à base de plantas medicinais e/ou fitoterápicos, como no caso do Cymbopogon citratus (capim-limão). Portanto, são necessários mais estudos para explicar e fundamentar melhor os efeitos do capim-limão na odontologia.
Introduction: Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) is an herbaceous species belonging to the Poaceae family, which includes approximately 500 genera and 8,000 species. Objectives: To analyze the available scientific evidence about therapeutic applications of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) in Dentistry over the past ten years. Methods: This is an integrative literature review, which involved the following steps: elaboration of the guiding question, establishment of keywords and criteria for inclusion and exclusion of articles, selection and critical analysis of articles, results, discussion, and conclusion. Results: 8% of the articles found and analyzed in this integrative literature review demonstrated that Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) has therapeutic potential because its antimicrobial properties, being considered beneficial and promising in the inhibition of bacterial and fungal dental colonizing pathogens, in addition presents low cytotoxicity. Conclusion: Despite the existence of several in vitro studies that demonstrate the efficacy and safety of natural compounds utilization, there are few specific protocols guiding the dental professional about using based therapies of medicinal and/or phytotherapeutic plants, as in the case of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass). Therefore, more studies are necessary to explain and provide a better validation of lemon grass effects in the dentistry practice.
Subject(s)
Plants, Medicinal , Oral Health , Cymbopogon , Dentistry , Therapeutic UsesABSTRACT
This research is based on the effect of the lemon tea concentrate whose polyphenols are powerful antioxidants. Studies have shown that they suppress free radicals in a more effective way than vitamins C or E; in some of cases, specifically in H. pylori, which generally colonizes the human stomach as a single strain with stable characteristics. Authors mention that this colonization can be stable throughout life. This bacterium is related to chronic gastritis, and although H. pylori infection is still the main cause of duodenal and gastric ulcers, the prevalence of ulcers associated with H. pylori is decreasing, while that of related ulcers with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is increasing. Much of what has been published lately about H. pylori and has focused on its important changes in the pattern of the disease and in the potential value of eradication therapy.
ABSTRACT
In this work, lemon and onion biomasses commonly found in street markets are for the first time used to develop a facile, fast and low-cost one-step microwave-assisted carbonization method for synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon dots (CDs). The structure and optical properties of CDs were investigated by TEM, XRD, XRF, UV-Vis, FTIR, and fluorescence spectroscopy. CDs displayed satisfactory optical pro-prieties, a high quantum yield of 23.6％, and excellent water solubility, and the particle size was 4.23-8.22 nm with an average diameter of 6.15 nm. An efficient fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the CDs and riboflavin was achieved with CDs acting as donor and riboflavin as acceptor. A linear relationship between FRET and the riboflavin concentration from 0.10 to 3.0 μg/mL was observed, allowing the development of an accurate and fast analytical method to determine this vitamin in multivitamin/mineral supplements. Despite the potential interferences in these supplements, CDs were selective for riboflavin under optimized conditions. A paired t-test at a 95％ confidence level indicated no statistically significant difference between the proposed and the reference methods. Recovery test presented values ranged from 96.0％ to 101.4％. The limit of detection and relative standard deviation were estimated at 1.0 ng/mL and <2.6％ (n = 3), respectively. CDs were successfully synthesized in a domestic microwave oven (1450 W, 6 min), presenting satisfactory parameters when compared with results of other studies reported in the literature, suggesting that the proposed method is a potentially useful method for the synthesis of CDs and determination of riboflavin.
ABSTRACT
Alzheimer disease (AD) as worldwide progressive neurodegenerative disease is prevalent disease among elderly population. Due to limitation in chemical drugs along with their adverse effects of these treatments, research for finding more effective natural drugs, is one of interesting subjects among the scientists. Melissa officinalis (M. officinalis) has a long history of use in treatment of nervous system diseases. This review article evaluates the potency of M. officinalis in treatment of AD by review of experimental and clinical documents on the efficacy, safety and its mechanisms of action in management of AD. The information is extracted from electronic resources (PubMed, Wiley, Springer and Science Direct), English and Persian scientific books. In spite of different scientific and non-scientific reports on the use of M. officinalis and its main component of rosmarinic acid in neurodegenerative diseases, there is only one clinical trial on the efficacy of M. officinalis ethanol extract in management of AD. Different mechanisms of action for M. officinalis, including inhibitory effects against amyloid beta, reactive oxygen species, and acetylcholine esterase, are involved. Larger clinical trials are recommended to confirm the efficacy and safety of M. officinalis extracts in treatment of AD patients.
ABSTRACT
Alzheimer disease (AD) as worldwide progressive neurodegenerative disease is prevalent disease among elderly population. Due to limitation in chemical drugs along with their adverse effects of these treatments, research for finding more effective natural drugs, is one of interesting subjects among the scientists. Melissa officinalis (M. officinalis) has a long history of use in treatment of nervous system diseases. This review article evaluates the potency of M. officinalis in treatment of AD by review of experimental and clinical documents on the efficacy, safety and its mechanisms of action in management of AD. The information is extracted from electronic resources (PubMed, Wiley, Springer and Science Direct), English and Persian scientific books. In spite of different scientific and non-scientific reports on the use of M. officinalis and its main component of rosmarinic acid in neurodegenerative diseases, there is only one clinical trial on the efficacy of M. officinalis ethanol extract in management of AD. Different mechanisms of action for M. officinalis, including inhibitory effects against amyloid beta, reactive oxygen species, and acetylcholine esterase, are involved. Larger clinical trials are recommended to confirm the efficacy and safety of M. officinalis extracts in treatment of AD patients.
ABSTRACT
Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is a plant in the family of Lamiaceae. In Mexican traditional medicine it is used to alleviate gastrointestinal and hepatic problems. Studies carried out mainly in ethanolic and methanolic extracts, have revealed the presence of diverse compounds to which those medicinal properties are attributed. The objective of this research work was to extract in aqueous solution the antioxidants present in lemon balm and identify them through HPLC-MS. A Box-Behnken design was applied to determine the physical conditions of antioxidant extraction, where the analyzed variables were time, temperature and sample quantity. The antioxidant activity was determined through methodologies of DPPH*, FRAP and total phenolics. The aqueous solution with the highest antioxidant activity was analyzed through HPLC-MS. The results showed that the interaction temperature-time has a positive influence on the liberation of antioxidants. The best condition for a conventional extraction of antioxidants was 90°C, 15 min and 2 g of sample. Higher correlations were observed at r2>0.6 between determined antioxidant activity by DPPH* (or FRAP) vs Total phenolics; this would indicate that such activity could be attributed to phenolic compounds whose presence was confirmed through an analysis by HPLC-MS(AU)
El toronjil (Melissa officinalis) es una planta de la familia Lamiaceae. En la medicina tradicional mexicana es utilizado para aliviar problemas gastrointestinales y hepáticos. Algunos estudios realizados con extractos etanólicos y metanólicos de dicha planta, han revelado la presencia de diversos compuestos a los que se les atribuye sus propiedades medicinales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue extraer en solución acuosa los antioxidantes presentes en el toronjil e identificarlos a través de HPLC-MS. Para ello, se aplicó un diseño de experimentos Box-Behnken a fin de determinar las condiciones físicas de extracción de antioxidantes; las variables analizadas fueron tiempo, temperatura y cantidad de muestra. La actividad antioxidante fue determinada a través de las metodologías de DPPH*, FRAP y fenoles totales. El extracto acuoso con la mayor actividad antioxidante fue analizado mediante HPLCMS. Los resultados mostraron que la interacción tiempotemperatura tuvo una influencia positiva en la liberación de antioxidantes. La mejor condición para la extracción de antioxidantes presentes en el toronjil fue 90°C, 15 min y 2 g de muestra. Correlaciones superiores a r2>0.6 fueron determinadas entre la actividad antioxidante medida por DPPH* (o FRAP) vs Fenoles totales; esto podría indicar que la actividad antioxidante encontrada podría atribuirse a compuestos de tipo fenólico cuya presencia fue confirmada por el análisis en HPLC-MS(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Basic Homeopathic Research , Melissa , Antioxidants , Therapeutics , Gastrointestinal DiseasesABSTRACT
This work aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of the essential oils of L. alba belonging to the carvone chemotype (LA-13 and LA-57) and the citral chemotype (LA-10, LA-29, and LA-44); the carvone enantiomers (R)-(-)-carvone and (S)-(+)-carvone; and citral on phytopathogenic fungi Lasiodiplodia theobromae (LT), Fusarium pallidoroseum (FP) and Fusarium solani (FS). Concentrations of 0.01; 0.05; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.5 and 1.0 mL/100 mL were tested, and the percentage of mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) was calculated after 96h in relation to the control. Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimal Fungicide Concentrations (MFC) were obtained for essential oils and compounds. From the concentration of 0.2 mL/100 mL, all the accessions and carvone enantiomers were effective against the fungus LT, except the accession LA-44, for which the maximum inhibition occurred from the concentration of 0.3 mL/100 mL. Citral was the most effective compound against LT, with 100% of MGI from the concentration of 0.05 mL /100 mL. All accessions and enantiomers caused 100% of MGI against FP fungus from the concentration of 0.2 mL/100 mL. Once again, citral stood out by providing the same result as the other treatments from the concentration of 0.1 mL/100 mL. Considering the fungus FS, carvone enantiomers and citral caused 100% of MGI from the concentration of 0.1 mL/100 mL while all accessions caused 100% of MGI from the concentration of 0.2 mL/100 mL. Citral and carvone enantiomers presented the lowest MIC values (0.1 mL/100 mL) against FS fungus. The MIC of citral for LT and FP were not determined at the concentrations tested. (R)-(-)-carvone enantiomer presented the lowest MIC (0.1 mL/100 mL) for the LT fungus. Most of the other accessions presented MIC of 0.2 mL/100 mL for the three fungi. In relation to the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), citral stood out with values from 0.05 mL/100 mL (LT). Citral and carvone presented the same MFC for FS (0.2 mL / 100 mL). The other accessions showed MFC values from 0.3 mL/100 mL for the three fungi. Essential oils of L. alba accessions, carvone enantiomers, and citral were efficient in phytopathogen control and could be considered as an alternative to fungicides for presenting inhibitory and fungicidal effect against these microorganisms at low concentrations.
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antifúngica in vitro de óleos essenciais de Lippia alba pertencentes ao quimiotipo carvona (LA-13 e LA-57) e ao quimiotipo citral (LA-10, LA-29 e LA-44); dos enantiômeros da carvona: (R)-(-)-carvona e (S)-(+)-carvona; e do citral sobre os fungos fitopatogênicos Lasiodiplodia theobromae (LT), Fusarium pallidoroseum (FP) e Fusarium solani (FS). Foram testadas as concentrações 0,01; 0,05; 0,1; 0,2; 0,3; 0,5 e 1,0 mL/100 mL, e, após 96h de incubação, a porcentagem de inibição do crescimento micelial (ICM) foi calculada em relação ao controle. Foram determinadas as Concentrações Inibitórias Mínimas (CIM) e Fungicidas Mínimas (CFM) para os óleos essenciais e compostos. A partir da concentração de 0,2 mL/100 mL todos os acessos e os enantiômeros da carvona foram efetivos contra LT, exceto o acesso LA-44, que proporcionou máxima inibição a partir da concentração de 0,3 mL/100 mL. O monoterpeno citral foi o mais efetivo contra LT, pois a partir da concentração de 0,05 mL /100 mL, 100% de ICM foi observada. Todos os acessos e enantiômeros da carvona causaram 100% de ICM contra o fungo FP, a partir da concentração de 0,2 mL/100 mL. Novamente, o composto citral de destacou por causar máxima ICM a partir da concentração de 0,1 mL/100 mL. Contra o fungo FS, os enantiômeros da carvona e o citral causaram 100% de ICM a partir da concentração de 0,1 mL/100 mL, enquanto os acessos proporcionaram mesmos resultados a partir da concentração de 0,2 mL/100 mL. O citral e os enantiômeros da carvona apresentaram os menores valores de CIM (0,1 mL/100 mL) frente ao FS. Não foi possível determinar a CIM do citral para LT e FP nas concentrações testadas. O enantiômero (R)-(-)-carvone apresentou a menor CIM (0,1 mL/100 mL) para o fungo LT. Os acessos apresentaram CIM a partir de 0,2 mL/100 mL para os três fungos. Em relação à concentração fungicida mínima (CFM), o citral se destacou com a menor CFM (0,05 mL/100 mL) para LT. Citral e carvonas apresentaram a mesma CFM para FS (0,2 mL / 100 mL). Os acessos apresentaram CFM a partir de 0,3 mL/100 mL para os três fungos. Os óleos essenciais dos acessos de L. alba, e os monoterpenos carvona e o citral foram eficientes no controle dos fungos fitopatogênicos e são considerados como uma alternativa em relação aos fungicidas sintéticos por apresentarem efeitos inibitórios e fungicidas contra esses microorganismos quando utilizados em baixas concentrações.
Subject(s)
Oils, Volatile , Melissa , Lippia , Monoterpenes , Fungi , FusariumABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of present study is to estimate the effects of Melissa officinalis L. (MO) on visceral hypersensitivity (VH), defecation pattern and biochemical factors in 2 experimental models of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and the possible role of nitric oxide. METHODS: Two individual models of IBS were induced in male Wistar-albino rats. In the acetic acid model, the animals were exposed to rectal distension and abdominal withdrawal reflex, and the defecation patterns were determined. In the restraint stress model, the levels of TNF-α, myeloperoxidase, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant powers were determined in the (removed) colon. Rats had been treated with MO, L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), aminoguanidine (AG), MO + AG, or MO + L-NAME in the mentioned experimental models. RESULTS: Hypersensitive response to rectal distension and more stool defecation in control rats have been observed in comparison to shams. MO-300 significantly reduced VH and defecation frequency in comparison to controls. VH and defecation pattern did not show significant change in AG + MO and L-NAME + MO groups compared to controls. Also, significant reduction in TNF-α, myeloperoxidase, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and an increase in antioxidant power in MO-300 group was recorded compared to controls. AG + MO and L-NAME + MO groups showed a reverse pattern compared to MO-300 group. CONCLUSIONS: MO can ameliorate IBS by modulating VH and defecation patterns. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties along with its effect on the nitrergic pathway seem to play important roles in its pharmacological activity.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Rats , Acetic Acid , Colitis , Colon , Defecation , Hypersensitivity , Irritable Bowel Syndrome , Lipid Peroxidation , Melissa , Models, Theoretical , NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester , Nitric Oxide , Peroxidase , Reflex , Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive SubstancesABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the effect of the LEMON method in predicting difficult air-way.Methods A total of 1 528 patients scheduled for elective surgery requiring tracheal intubation under general anaesthesia,680 males and 848 females,aged 18-83 years,ASA physical status Ⅰ orⅡ,were enrolled in the study.We used the LEMON method to assess airway conditions before an-aesthesia and recorded the scores.The primary end point was difficult tracheal intubation.The sec-ondary end point was difficult laryngoscopy.Receiver operating characteristic (ROC)curve analysis and the area under the curve (AUC)were used to evaluate the clinical effect of the LEMON mothod. Results There were 37 cases with difficult tracheal intubation and 106 cases with difficult laryngosco-py.The incidence of difficult tracheal intubation and difficult laryngoscopy were 2.4% and 6.9%,re-spectively.The area under the curve of the LEMON method for predicting difficult laryngoscopy and difficult tracheal intubation were 0.884 (95% CI 0.867-0.899)and 0.934 (95% CI 0.921-0.946), respectively.Conclusion The LEMON method has good clinical effect in predicting difficult airway.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Endotracheal intubation is extremely difficult to perform in patients wearing a cervical collar for a head and neck injury. Therefore, we analyzed actual measurements using the look externally, evaluate 3-3-2, Mallampati score, obstruction, and neck mobility (LEMON) criteria before and after cervical collar application to investigate the causes of a difficult airway. METHODS: This simulation study was performed in 76 healthy volunteers. We measured the mouth opening, modified Mallampati classification, and neck extension before and after cervical collar application. RESULTS: The mean inter-incisor distance significantly decreased from 4.3 to 2.6 cm (P < 0.001). Fifty-seven participants classified as I and II were newly classified as III and IV according to the modified Mallampati classification after cervical collar application (16% to 91%). The angles of neck extension significantly decreased from 44° to 22° after cervical collar application (P < 0.001). Before cervical collar application, our simulations predicted that 14 of 76 participants (18%) would have a difficult airway, whereas after cervical collar application, 76 of 76 (100%) were predicted to have a difficult airway. CONCLUSION: All values for the LEMON criteria (mouth opening, modified Mallampati classification, and neck extension) worsened significantly after cervical collar application. Additionally, a difficult airway was predicted in all participants after cervical collar application.
Subject(s)
Humans , Airway Management , Classification , Head , Healthy Volunteers , Intubation, Intratracheal , Mouth , Neck , Neck InjuriesABSTRACT
This study investigated the anesthetic effect of the essential oils (EOs) from the peel of Citrus x aurantium (EOCA) and Citrus x latifolia (EOCL) on silver catfish Rhamdia quelen. Fish were exposed to different concentrations of EOCA and EOCL to determine time of anesthesia induction and recovery. Induction of anesthesia was observed in all fish exposed to 400, 600 or 800 µL L−1 EOCA and 300, 400 or 500 µL L−1 EOCL. Another group of fish were exposed for 8 h to 50, 100, or 200 µL L−1 of either EOs. Overall, fish exposed to ethanol and both EOs presented higher ventilatory frequencies (VF) than the control group throughout the 8 h of exposure. Net ion (Na+, K+ and Cl−) effluxes and ammonia excretion were significantly lower in fish exposed to 50, 100 or 200 µL L−1 of either EOs compared to control fish. Mortality was 37% in fish exposed to 200 µL L−1 of either EOs after 8 h. These findings suggest that EOCA and EOCL are useful anesthetics and sedatives for Rhamdia quelen, but their usefulness as alternatives to reduce stress in fish transportation at the lower concentrations tested (50-100 µL L−1) deserves further study.(AU)
O efeito anestésico dos óleos essenciais (OEs) da casca de Citrus x aurantium (OECA) e Citrus x latifolia (OECL) em jundiá Rhamdia quelen foi investigado. Os peixes foram expostos a diferentes concentrações de OECA e OECL para determinar o tempo de indução e recuperação da anestesia. Todos peixes expostos a 400, 600 ou 800 µL L−1 OECA e 300, 400 ou 500 µL L−1 OECL foram anestesiados. Outro grupo de peixes foi exposto aos OEs durante 8 h a 50, 100 ou 200 µL L−1. Peixes expostos ao etanol e aos OEs apresentaram VF maior que o grupo controle durante as 8 h de exposição. Os efluxos líquidos de Na+, K+, Cl− e a excreção de amônia foram significativamente menores nos peixes expostos a 50, 100 ou 200 µL L−1 dos OEs em comparação com o grupo controle. A mortalidade foi de 37% nos peixes expostos a 200 µL L−1 de ambos os OEs após 8 h. Os resultados sugerem que OECA e OECL são anestésicos e sedativos úteis para o jundiá, mas sua utilidade como alternativa para reduzir o estresse no transporte de peixes nas concentrações mais baixas testadas (50-100 µL L−1) necessita de estudos adicionais.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Oils, Volatile/toxicity , Citrus/adverse effects , Catfishes/metabolismABSTRACT
Los defectos del tubo neural representan la segunda causa de malformación congénita más frecuentes del desarrollo prenatal y constituyen el 10% de las mismas. Su origen suele ser multifactorial, dando lugar a un cierre incompleto o defectuoso del neuroporo anterior y/o posterior, y ocasionando diferentes niveles de defectos en el sistema nervioso central. A pesar de toda la investigación realizada, nuestros conocimientos sobre la etiología genética de esta malformación son todavía muy limitados. Se desconoce cuántos genes pueden conferir riesgo de anomalía en el desarrollo del tubo neural. El diagnóstico se basa principalmente en el estudio ecográfico del sistema nervioso central en el segundo trimestre de la gestación, aunque su valoración en el primer trimestre nos permite una aproximación diagnóstica bastante confiable por la presencia de marcadores ecográficos descritos hace pocos años. Una vez confirmado el diagnóstico el manejo depende (en países como España en donde se permite el aborto) de la voluntad de los padres de continuar o no con la gestación; y en caso de continuar, existen opciones de tratamiento quirúrgico intrauterino o posterior al nacimiento. El pronóstico de esta malformación suele ser variable y depende de localización, tamaño y su asociación o no con hidrocefalia.
Neural tube defects are the second most frequent cause of congenital malformation during prenatal development. They constitute 10% of them. The origin is usually multifactorial, and it results in an incomplete or defective closure of the anterior or posterior neuropore, causing different levels of defects in the central nervous system. Despite all the research done, our knowledge of genetics in this topic is very limited so we don't know how many genes can confer risk of anomaly in the development of the neural tube. Diagnosis is mainly based on the ultrasound study of the central nervous system generally during the second trimester. Nevertheless, assessment in the first trimester allows us a fairly reliable diagnostic approach by means of the echographic markers described a few years ago. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, and if abortion is allowed in the country, the management depends on the parents' willingness to continue or not with the gestation. In case of continuing with it, there are options for intrauterine or post-natal surgical treatment. The prognosis of this malformation is usually variable and depends on location, size and its association or not with hydrocephalus.
ABSTRACT
El aguacate es uno de los frutos de importancia económica en Colombia que presenta pérdidas en post cosecha. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de un recubrimiento comestible a base de gelana de alto (GAA) y bajo acilo (GBA), sobre la calidad post cosecha del aguacate (Persea americana cv. "Hass"), almacenado durante nueve semanas. Para la elaboración de los recubrimientos, se utilizó un diseño factorial 2³, donde los factores fueron las concentraciones de GAA (0,30 y 0,60% p/v), GBA (0,30 y 0,60% p/v) y glicerol (GLI) (8,0 y 12% v/v); como agente antimicrobiano, se utilizó extracto acuoso de Toronjil (Melissa officinalis L), por ser un aditivo natural. Se evaluaron propiedades, como la firmeza, la pérdida de humedad, el pH y los sólidos solubles totales (SST), durante almacenamiento. Finalmente, para la estimación del periodo de vida útil, se empleó la ecuación de Monod Hinshelwood, previo modelado de los datos, con ayuda de la ecuación de Baranyi y Roberts. Los resultados indicaron que la aplicación de recubrimientos comestibles de goma gelana, conteniendo bajas concentraciones de glicerol, disminuye significativamente (P<0,05) la pérdida de firmeza, de humedad, de sólidos solubles y evitan grandes modificaciones del pH, manteniendo la calidad del aguacate, alargando la vida útil.
Avocado is one of the fruits of economic importance in Colombia. However, it presents losses mainly during the post-harvest period. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of an edible coating based on high acyl (HAG) and low acyl gellan (LAG) on post-harvest avocado quality (Persea americana cv. "Hass") stored during nine weeks. A factorial design 2³ was employed for the biofilm preparation, where the factors were concentrations of HAG (0.30 and 0.60% w/v), LAG (0.30 and 0.60% w/v) and glycerol (GLY v/v). As antimicrobial aqueous extract of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L) was used. Properties such as firmness, moisture loss, pH, total soluble solids (TSS) during storage were evaluated. Finally, for the microbiological shelf life estimation the Hinshelwood Monod equation was applied previous data modeling using the Baranyi and Roberts model. The results indicated that the application of edible coatings based on gellan gum containing low concentrations of glycerol reduces the loss of firmness, moisture, soluble solids and prevent large changes in pH, maintaining the quality of avocado and extend its shelf life.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To establish the method for the determination of 9 illegal dyes in Carthamus tinctorius.METHODS:HPLC-MS/MS was adopted.The determination was performed on SB-C18 column with mobile phase consisted of 10 mmol/L ammonium formate-acetonitrile (gradient elution) at the flow rate of 0.2 mL/min.The column temperature was 30 ℃,and the sample size was 10 μL.Mass spectrometry condition:electrospray ion source,negative ion multi-ion reaction monitoring mode,ion spray voltage of 3 500 V,drying gas temperature of 350 ℃,drying gas flow rate of 10 L/min,colliding gas of high pure nitrogen gas,scanning range of m/z 50～ 1 000.RESULTS:The linear ranges of ponceau,acid red 73,lemon yellow,azorubin,allura red,gold orange Ⅱ,sunset yellow,pyrosine and golden orange G were 5.313 5～531.35 ng/mL(r=0.987 0),1.312 0～1 312.00 ng/mL(r=0.994 8),124.480 0～2 824.00 ng/mL(r=0.983 2),6.300 0～630.00 ng/mL(r=0.964 8),1.035 8～517.92 ng/mL(r=0.996 4),0.552 0～1 104.00 ng/mL(r=0.909 0),5.046 3～2 018.52 ng/mL(r=0.996 2),5.046 3～2 018.52 ng/mL(r=0.997 6),1.079 5～2 159.00 ng/mL(r=0.990 0),respectively.The limits of quantitation were 10.418 7,1.131 0,68.401 0,13.695 7,1.670 7,0.238 0,3.973 3,1.064 7,1.285 0 ng/kg.The limits of detection were 3.125 6,0.339 3,20.520 3,4.108 7,0.501 2,0.071 4,1.192 0,0.319 4,0.385 5 ng/kg,respectively.RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 3.0％.The recoveries were 91.2％-99.1％ (RSD=0.7％-2.2％,n=6).CONCLUSIONS:The established method is specific,sensitive,simple and rapid,and can be used for the detection of 9 illegal dyes in C.tinctorius.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To establish the method for the determination of 9 illegal dyes in Carthamus tinctorius.METHODS:HPLC-MS/MS was adopted.The determination was performed on SB-C18 column with mobile phase consisted of 10 mmol/L ammonium formate-acetonitrile (gradient elution) at the flow rate of 0.2 mL/min.The column temperature was 30 ℃,and the sample size was 10 μL.Mass spectrometry condition:electrospray ion source,negative ion multi-ion reaction monitoring mode,ion spray voltage of 3 500 V,drying gas temperature of 350 ℃,drying gas flow rate of 10 L/min,colliding gas of high pure nitrogen gas,scanning range of m/z 50～ 1 000.RESULTS:The linear ranges of ponceau,acid red 73,lemon yellow,azorubin,allura red,gold orange Ⅱ,sunset yellow,pyrosine and golden orange G were 5.313 5～531.35 ng/mL(r=0.987 0),1.312 0～1 312.00 ng/mL(r=0.994 8),124.480 0～2 824.00 ng/mL(r=0.983 2),6.300 0～630.00 ng/mL(r=0.964 8),1.035 8～517.92 ng/mL(r=0.996 4),0.552 0～1 104.00 ng/mL(r=0.909 0),5.046 3～2 018.52 ng/mL(r=0.996 2),5.046 3～2 018.52 ng/mL(r=0.997 6),1.079 5～2 159.00 ng/mL(r=0.990 0),respectively.The limits of quantitation were 10.418 7,1.131 0,68.401 0,13.695 7,1.670 7,0.238 0,3.973 3,1.064 7,1.285 0 ng/kg.The limits of detection were 3.125 6,0.339 3,20.520 3,4.108 7,0.501 2,0.071 4,1.192 0,0.319 4,0.385 5 ng/kg,respectively.RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 3.0％.The recoveries were 91.2％-99.1％ (RSD=0.7％-2.2％,n=6).CONCLUSIONS:The established method is specific,sensitive,simple and rapid,and can be used for the detection of 9 illegal dyes in C.tinctorius.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Literature has shown that micro-organisms contaminate gutta percha (GP) during storage and manipulation. Till date herbal extracts are not explored as an alternative medicament for pre-operative chairside disinfection of GP cones. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and efficacy of lemon grass oil (LG), basil oil (BO), and obicure tea extract (OT) in disinfecting GP cones before obturation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Agar diffusion method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of LG, BO, OT, and sodium hypochlorite (control) against common contaminants, namely, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. One hundred and twenty GP cones were contaminated and cut into 2. First half was placed in the broth and incubated; whereas the second was treated with herbal extracts for 1 minute and then incubated for 24 hours in the broth. Any inhibition in bacterial growth was noted with presence/absence of turbidity. Two-way analysis of variance and χ² test were used to assess the effectiveness of herbal extracts to decontaminate GP. RESULTS: LG showed the highest inhibition zones (29.9 ± 6.9 mm) for all tested organisms, followed by OT extract (16.3 ± 1.8 mm), sodium hypochlorite (16.0 ± 1.6 mm), and BO (14.5 ± 5.3 mm). Statistically significant difference was observed between LG and other herbal extracts (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: All extracts proved to be potential rapid chairside disinfectants of GP cones with LG showing the highest antimicrobial activity.
Subject(s)
Agar , Candida albicans , Cymbopogon , Diffusion , Disinfectants , Disinfection , Enterococcus faecalis , Gutta-Percha , Methods , Ocimum basilicum , Oils , Sodium Hypochlorite , Staphylococcus aureus , TeaABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the effects of the natural plant ingredients lemon essential oil(LEO),limonene(LIM)and tea poly-phenols(TP)on the cell surface hydrophobicity and adherence of Streptococcus mutans(S.mutans).Methods:S.mutans were treated by sub-minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC)levels of LEO,LIMand TP respectively.Adsorption to hexadecane was used to measure the hydrophobic interaction of S.mutans.A classical 96-cell microtitre plate production assay using crystal violet staining was employed to visualize the adherence of S.mutans to hard tissue surface.Results:LEO,LIMand TP at sub-MIC levels could inhibit the cell sur-face hydrophobicity and adherence of S.mutans in a dose-dependent manner(P <0.05).At 1 /2 MIC and 1 /20 MIC,the inhibitary effect of LEO was stronger than that of LIMand TP(P <0.05).Conclusion:LEO may possess anticariogenic potential.